Delivery of polynucleotides and oligonucleotides for improving immune responses to vaccines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the major achievements of modern medicine. As a result of vaccination, diseases such as polio and measles have been controlled and small pox has been eliminated. However, despite these successes there are still many diseases of microbial origin that cause tremendous suffering because there are no vaccines or the vaccines available are inadequate. The development of DNA based vaccines and immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) as adjuvants offer new possibilities for developing new vaccines. The objectives of this research were to improve the delivery of polynucleotides and oligonucleotides to enhance their potency and to evaluate the feasibility of non-invasive methods for the delivery of vaccines through the skin in order to improve the safety and the ease of administration of human and veterinary vaccines. The results demonstrated that topical administration of plasmids in a lipid-based delivery system (biphasic lipid vesicles [Biphasix™]) resulted in gene expression in the draining lymph nodes, as well as induction of antigen specific immune responses in mice. The use of electroporation significantly enhanced both gene expression and immune responses to DNA vaccines in pigs. Prior treatment with electroporation enhanced immune responses to both protein and DNA vaccines indicating that both gene expression and tissue damage are important mechanisms that electroporation uses to enhance immune responses. In addition, the formulation of CpG ODNs in biphasic lipid vesicles (BiphasixTM) called Vaccine-Targeting Adjuvant (VTA) enhanced immune response to protein antigens following systemic and mucosal administration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".