Evidence for Different Origins of Sex Chromosomes in Closely Related Oryzias Fishes: Substitution of the Master Sex-Determining Gene
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The medaka Oryzias latipes and its two sister species, O. curvinotus and O. luzonensis, possess an XX-XY sex-determination system. The medaka sex-determining gene DMY has been identified on the orthologous Y chromosome [O. latipes linkage group 1 (LG1)] of O. curvinotus. However, DMY has not been discovered in other Oryzias species. These results and molecular phylogeny suggest that DMY was generated recently [approximately 10 million years ago (MYA)] by gene duplication of DMRT1 in a common ancestor of O. latipes and O. curvinotus. We identified seven sex-linked markers from O. luzonensis (sister species of O. curvinotus) and constructed a sex-linkage map. Surprisingly, all seven sex-linked markers were located on an autosomal linkage group (LG12) of O. latipes. As suggested by the phylogenetic tree, the sex chromosomes of O. luzonensis should be "younger" than those of O. latipes. In the lineage leading to O. luzonensis after separation from O. curvinotus approximately 5 MYA, a novel sex-determining gene may have arisen and substituted for DMY. Oryzias species should provide a useful model for evolution of the master sex-determining gene and differentiation of sex chromosomes from autosomes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it