Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies principles of developing dc transmission grids based on high power dc/dc converters. There has been much research on dc/dc converters and it is likely that some megawatt size units will achieve commercialisation stage soon. In this study, we assume that electronic dc transformers can achieve three functions: 1) voltage stepping, 2) voltage (or power) regulation, and 3) fault isolation. The location, sizing, and control of dc transformers is first analyzed using a simple 4-terminal, 1.8 GW dc grid. It is postulated that this grid would be a better alternative to a point-to-point HVDC. Detailed simulations on PSCAD/EMTDC demonstrate the capability to independently regulate power flow in each dc branch. The simulations of worst case faults on dc lines and ac grids show that dc transformers can isolate the faulted segments enabling the remaining part of the grid to operate normally. The generic principles of developing more complex dc grids with meshed power flows, are also presented. It is concluded that there are no significant technical barriers in developing dc transmission grids but the cost and losses of dc transformers remain as the primary challenges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".