The visible spectrum of highly charged ions: A window to fundamental physics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The observation of forbidden transitions in the visible range was the first experimental sign of the existence of highly charged ions in nature. Such lines can nowadays be excited in electron beam ion traps with excellent control of the ionic charge state, allowing their identification and precise determination of wavelengths and transition probabilities. The accuracy achieved in such experiments has been central to the study of nuclear size effects and quantum electrodynamic contributions, which are drastically magnified in highly charged ions, thus enabling the study of the underlying fundamental interactions in few-electron systems. At the same time, forbidden lines can be used to probe conditions in high temperature plasmas present in both astrophysical and laboratory environments.PACS Nos.: 31.30.Jv, 32.10.Fn, 32.30.Jc, 96.60.Tf, 97.10.Ex, 32.60.+i, 32.70.Cs, 12.20.Fv, 42.50.Xa
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".