Frequency of oscillation of a cross-coupled CMOS VCO with resistor tail biasing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a formula for predicting the frequency of oscillation of a cross-coupled voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO was implemented in a CMOS 0.13 mum technology. The calculated frequency of operation shows a close agreement with the simulated results. The VCO operates at 10 GHz and consumes 490 muW from a IV supply. The simulated phase noise at a 1 MHz offset is -114.4 dBc/Hz resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of -197.6 dB. The VCO can cover a 748 MHz frequency range and occupies 0.096 mm2of chip area. The simulated sensitivity of the frequency of operation and peak-to-peak amplitude due to temperature is 4.58 MHz/degC and 3.6 mV/degC, respectively. The sensitivity of the frequency of operation and peak-to-peak amplitude due to power supply is 1.1 GHz/V and 1.82 V/V, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".