Instability of statolith elemental signatures revealed in newly metamorphosed sea lamprey (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Techniques that use calcified structures to identify the natal origin of organisms assume that reworking of previously deposited material does not occur. While verified for otoliths, this assumption remains unverified for statoliths. Herein, we test the stability of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) statolith microchemistry during metamorphosis. Using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we quantified the concentrations of nine elements in statoliths from sea lamprey larvae (n = 118) and newly metamorphosed (n = 115) individuals that were collected across six tributaries of varying alkalinity in the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Champlain basins. In newly metamorphosed individuals from all streams, the portion of the statolith deposited during the larval stage was enriched in rubidium (Rb), strongly suggesting a chemical reworking of statoliths during metamorphosis. As the ability to discriminate among sea lamprey from different streams in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain mostly relies on premetamorphic levels of Rb, strategies for the use of statoliths to identify the natal origin of sea lamprey parasitic juveniles and spawners (postmetamorphic stages) should take into account the chemical changes associated with metamorphosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".