Upstream–propagating solitary waves and forced internal–wave breaking in stratified flow over a sill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We discuss numerical simulations of the flow of an inviscid, density stratified fluid over a broad obstacle of high elevation relative to the finite depth of the fluid layer. The density stratification and topography are chosen to be consistent with recent observations of the flow in Knight Inlet, a fjord in British Columbia, Canada. We find that under certain physically realized conditions the response of the fluid includes large–amplitude, resonantly generated internal solitary waves that propagate upstream, and in some cases break. The post–breaking structures consist of a nearly steady wave envelope and a highly unsteady core that is focused near the surface.The response of the fluid on the lee slope of the topography and further downstream can be understood in terms of the breaking of topographically forced internal waves. The qualitative features of the flow depend to a large degree on whether internal-wave breaking initially occurs in the strong near–surface pycnocline or in the underlying weakly stratified main part of the water column. We discuss the analogy between the oceanic flow and the extensively studied intense downslope windstorms that occur in the atmosphere when internal waves break over the topography that generates them.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".