The renal effects of corticotropin releasing hormone: implication of vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To evaluate the hypothesized renal actions of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), adult male conscious normally hydrated or volume-expanded rats (6 ml saline) were injected iv with various doses of CRH (1–5 μg). Some groups of rats were injected with arginine vasopressin (AVP) antagonist (2 or 10 μg) iv prior to CRH (5 μg). Urine was collected for volume, Na, K, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) determination. AVP and atrial natriuretic pepride (ANP) were determined in blood by radioimmunoassay. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by telemetry. In both normally hydrated and volume expanded conscious rats, the biphasic effects of CRH injected iv were observed. Initially, within the first hour, CRH caused dose-dependent antidiuresis, decreased sodium, potassium and urinary cGMP excretion. Plasma AVP was already increased significantly (p < 0.01) within 5 min after injection from 3.9 ± 0.5 pg/ml to 15.5 ± 3.3 pg/ml (n = 15) at 15 min, then declined by 30 min to the concentration reached at 5 min and was maintained for 180 min. Changes in plasma ANP followed a mirror image of AVP. Plasma ANP correlated with the decrease of ANP synthesis in the left ventricle. Four hours after the injection, a marked diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis and an increase in urinary cGMP occurred. This was accompanied by increased ANP mRNA in the right atrium at 180 min. All urinary changes were reversed by a V2 receptor antagonist (2 or 10 μg) given iv. Control injection of saline evoked an immediate (3–5 min) increase in BP, and this elevation was markedly inhibited by CRH (5 μg). Heart rate was further increased. We hypothesize that the renal effects are mediated by vasodilation induced by CRH that decreases the baroreceptor input to the brain, leading to the rapid release of AVP which acts on the heart and inhibits ANP release and synthesis. These effects could be of physiological significance during the stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".