Sperm mixing in the Alpine newt (<i>Triturus alpestris</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In polyandrous females the ultimate stage of cryptic female choice may involve eggsperm interactions during different phases of fertilization. This form of sperm discrimination is possible only when sperm from different males have simultaneous access to eggs at the site of fertilization. In polyandrous newts of the genus Triturus, eggs are fertilized internally by sperm stored for an extensive period of time in the tubular spermatheca. The extent of sperm mixing, which is a necessary condition for cryptic female choice involving spermegg interactions, was studied in doubly mated female Alpine newts, Triturus alpestris. Using an allozyme marker the paternity of offspring sired by the two males was established in both series of larvae reared from eggs produced consecutively over short period of time (ca. 2 h) and batches of eggs collected during longer periods of time (up to 26 days). Significant sperm mixing was unequivocally demonstrated by the mixed paternity of the progeny produced in series. The paternity pattern in batches of eggs collected during longer periods of time showed neither significant predominance of either male in the progeny nor any effects of sperm stratification in the tubules of the spermatheca.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".