Differential Protective Effects of Volatile Anesthetics against Renal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury In Vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Volatile anesthetics protect against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel activation. The authors questioned whether volatile anesthetics can also protect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and, if so, whether cellular adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels, antiinflammatory effects of volatile anesthetics, or both are involved. METHODS: Rats were anesthetized with equipotent doses of volatile anesthetics (desflurane, halothane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane) or injectable anesthetics (pentobarbital or ketamine) and subjected to 45 min of renal ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion during anesthesia. RESULTS: Rats treated with volatile anesthetics had lower plasma creatinine and reduced renal necrosis 24-72 h after injury compared with rats anesthetized with pentobarbital or ketamine. Twenty-four hours after injury, sevoflurane-, isoflurane-, or halothane-treated rats had creatinine (+/- SD) of 2.3 +/- 0.7 mg/dl (n = 12), 1.8 +/- 0.5 mg/dl (n = 6), and 2.4 +/- 1.2 mg/dl (n = 6), respectively, compared with rats treated with pentobarbital (5.8 +/- 1.2 mg/dl, n = 9) or ketamine (4.6 +/- 1.2 mg/dl, n = 8). Among the volatile anesthetics, desflurane demonstrated the least reduction in plasma creatinine after 24 h (4.1 +/- 0.8 mg/dl, n = 12). Renal cortices from volatile anesthetic-treated rats demonstrated reduced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 protein and messenger RNA as well as messenger RNAs encoding proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Volatile anesthetic treatment reduced renal cortex myeloperoxidase activity and reduced nuclear translocation of proinflammatory nuclear factor kappaB. Adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels are not involved in sevoflurane-mediated renal protection because glibenclamide did not block renal protection (creatinine: 2.4 +/- 0.4 mg/dl, n = 3). CONCLUSION: Some volatile anesthetics confer profound protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury compared with pentobarbital or ketamine anesthesia by attenuating inflammation. These findings may have significant clinical implications for anesthesiologists regarding the choice of volatile anesthetic agents in patients subjected to perioperative renal ischemia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".