Samarium‐Doped Oxyfluoride Glass‐Ceramic as a New Fast Erasable Dosimetric Detector Material for Microbeam Radiation Cancer Therapy Applications at the Canadian Synchrotron
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a special need to develop a dosimetry technique with a large‐dynamic range and high‐spatial resolution to characterize the microstructured X‐ray beams used in microbeam radiation therapy ( MRT ) for cancer. We report the synthesis and characterization of oxyfluoride glass‐ceramic (SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –CaF 2 –CaO–SmF 3 ) plates, which contain trivalent‐samarium‐doped calcium fluoride (CaF 2 :Sm 3+ ) nanocrystals, for use as a dosimetric detector material, particularly for MRT applications. Our approach utilizes the extent of Sm 3+ →Sm 2+ valence reduction caused by X‐ray irradiation as a probe of the X‐ray dose delivered; and confocal fluorescent microscopy is used to read out the distribution of valence reduction through the photoluminescence ( PL ) signal. Our study showed that the Sm 3+ →Sm 2+ valence reduction takes place in CaF 2 nanocrystals, but not in the glass matrix. The Sm 2+ shows PL emission predominantly due to the fast 4 f 5 5 d 1 → 7 F 0 transition, which allows us to read out the detector plate at a high scanning speed. Further, our experiments showed that the detection dose range reaches several thousands of grays, and X‐ray dose distribution is detected at a micrometer scale. In addition, the Sm 2+ signal can be erased either by heating the irradiated sample at a suitable high temperature or by exposing it to UV light; and the erased glass‐ceramic plate is reusable. The new Sm‐doped oxyfluoride glass‐ceramic with CaF 2 nanocrystals reported in this work shows potential for practical use in high‐dose and high‐resolution dosimetry for MRT .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it