Bibliographic record
Abstract
The concept of open innovation has attracted great interest from the academic and industrial sectors alike.Despite the ongoing debate, we can see some lack of consistency of its principles. The purpose of this paper is toset out a conceptual reflection on the foundations of innovation and its process and discuss new proposals fromthe literature on open innovation. We question whether this concept is really a new model, or if it is nothingmore than a recent combination, sponsored by academics. We have examined Chesbrough’s six principles ofopen innovation, showing how they are based on a false dichotomy that opposes necessarily closed innovationto open innovation. We show how this new paradigm lacks conceptual clarity confusing innovation withinnovation process, resurrecting the linear view, and ignoring many earlier studies. We hope to contribute to thediscussion on innovation management and to enrich understanding for all concerned.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.029 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.020 | 0.046 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".