Oxygen stores and foraging behavior of two sympatric, planktivorous alcids
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seabird species with overlapping diets commonly coexist at breeding colonies. For example, ancient murrelets Synthliboramphus antiquus and Cassin's auklets Ptychoramphus aleuticus are similar-sized small alcids that feed on krill and small fish. Little is known regarding their partitioning of aquatic resources, so we assessed the O 2 stores and foraging behavior of sympatrically breeding populations of these species. The attachment of recorders (1 to 3% of body mass) caused substantial nest desertion, but we reduced these effects by only equipping experienced birds early in the day. Auklets and murrelets had 18 to 24% higher mass-specific O 2 stores than slightly larger nondiving kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla. When compared to published values, blood hemoglobin content was higher, muscle pH buffering capacity was similar and muscle myoglobin content was lower for small divers than for larger non-phocid divers. The slightly higher O 2 stores of Cassin's auklets was reflected in their aquatic behavior, as auklets dived longer than murrelets at any given dive depth. Moreover, chick-rearing auklets spent 31% more time underwater than incubating auklets and 50% more time underwater than incubating murrelets. In total, 45% of dives by chick-rearing auklets, 36% of dives by incubating auklets and 13% of dives by incubating murrelets exceeded their estimated aerobic dive limits. Murrelets primarily used V-shaped dives while auklets generally exhibited W-shaped dive profiles with a protracted bottom phase. Thus the O 2 stores and foraging behavior of the 2 sympatric seabirds differed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it