Oxygen stores and foraging behavior of two sympatric, planktivorous alcids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seabird species with overlapping diets commonly coexist at breeding colonies.For example, ancient murrelets Synthliboramphus antiquus and Cassin's auklets Ptychoramphus aleuticus are similar-sized small alcids that feed on krill and small fish.Little is known regarding their partitioning of aquatic resources, so we assessed the O 2 stores and foraging behavior of sympatrically breeding populations of these species.The attachment of recorders (1 to 3% of body mass) caused substantial nest desertion, but we reduced these effects by only equipping experienced birds early in the day.Auklets and murrelets had 18 to 24% higher mass-specific O 2 stores than slightly larger nondiving kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla.When compared to published values, blood hemoglobin content was higher, muscle pH buffering capacity was similar and muscle myoglobin content was lower for small divers than for larger non-phocid divers.The slightly higher O 2 stores of Cassin's auklets was reflected in their aquatic behavior, as auklets dived longer than murrelets at any given dive depth.Moreover, chick-rearing auklets spent 31% more time underwater than incubating auklets and 50% more time underwater than incubating murrelets.In total, 45% of dives by chick-rearing auklets, 36% of dives by incubating auklets and 13% of dives by incubating murrelets exceeded their estimated aerobic dive limits.Murrelets primarily used V-shaped dives while auklets generally exhibited W-shaped dive profiles with a protracted bottom phase.Thus the O 2 stores and foraging behavior of the 2 sympatric seabirds differed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".