A Peak Detector for Multi-Rate Phase Locked Loop and Sequence Detector Combination for Utility AC Power Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synchronization is of concern in AC power systems. Existing synchronization algorithms are hardware intensive. A single phase synchronization scheme referred to as a multi-rate phase locked loop (MPLL) has been reported. The stability of the MPLL is influenced by amplitude variations. An amplitude estimation module based on a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and an automatic gain control (AGC) are employed to decouple amplitude variations from phase variations. The implementation of the FFT-based amplitude-estimator is complex and hardware intensive. A peak detector module that utilizes only two multiplexers and one comparator is proposed to replace the FFT-based amplitude-estimator. A real-time positive sequence detector is also combined with the MPLL in order to allow process of the three-phase signals. The overall system is implemented and compared for both FFT-based and peak detector approaches and indicates a 60 dB immunity to impulse noise and harmonic contamination and a 20 dB dynamic range
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".