Present and future of piezoelectric single crystals and the importance of B-site cations for high piezoelectric response
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High quality piezoelectric single crystals, such as Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-PbTiO3 (PZNT) and Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-PbTiO3 (PMNT), have been investigated, and, because their piezoelectric properties are greatly superior to those of Pb(Zr(1-x)Ti(x))O3 (PZT) ceramics, they have been used for certain transducer applications since the late 1990s. The present situation for these relaxor-PT (lead titanate) single crystals is summarized. In this review, some possible high Tc > 200 degrees C single crystals are also introduced. Single crystals of Pb(In(1/2)Nb(1/2))O3-PbTiO3 (PINT) binary system and Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-Pb(Sc(1/2)Nb(1/2))O3-PbTiO3 (PSMNT) tertiary system have been synthesized, and their electrical properties are reported. In addition, a novel guiding principle for discovering excellent piezoelectric materials, namely the presence of low molecular mass B-site ions that can enter the lead-perovskite Pb(B'B'')O3 structure, is introduced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".