Exenatide may improve maintenance of HbA1c targets, with less hypoglycaemia, but more early adverse effects when compared with low-dose glimepiride
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Commentary on: Gallwitz B, Guzman J, Dotta F, et al. Exenatide twice daily versus glimepiride for prevention of glycaemic deterioration in patients with type 2 diabetes with metformin failure (EUREXA): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;379:2270–8.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Exenatide mimics the endogenous hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1).1 It affects glucose control by (1) suppressing glucagon secretion, (2) stimulating insulin release and (3) increasing satiety through delayed gastric emptying.1 Studies of GLP analogues find that they reduce glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) by about 1%, but most have been short-term (26 weeks).1 They are associated with weight loss, and less hypoglycaemia compared with sulfonylureas.1 This EUREXA study is the longest study to date. The EUREXA study was an allocation-concealed, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial of type 2 diabetic … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DGallwitz%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%26rft.volume%253D379%26rft.issue%253D9833%26rft.spage%253D2270%26rft.epage%253D2278%26rft.atitle%253DExenatide%2Btwice%2Bdaily%2Bversus%2Bglimepiride%2Bfor%2Bprevention%2Bof%2Bglycaemic%2Bdeterioration%2Bin%2Bpatients%2Bwith%2Btype%2B2%2Bdiabetes%2Bwith%2Bmetformin%2Bfailure%2B%2528EUREXA%2529%253A%2Ban%2Bopen-label%252C%2Brandomised%2Bcontrolled%2Btrial.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252812%252960479-6%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22683137%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60479-6&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22683137&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F5%2Fe42.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000305511400034&link_type=ISI
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Editorial About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Not applicable | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Commentary About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Randomized trial | medium |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
The models disagree on parts of this classification; every voice is preserved in the section at the end of the page.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".