Deformation characteristics of a 38 m deep excavation in soft clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To meet the increasing demand for underground space for economical development and infrastructural needs, more and more deep excavations have been constructed in Shanghai. In this paper, field performance of a 38 m deep multistrutted excavation in Shanghai soft clay is reported. The deep excavation was retained by a 65 m deep diaphragm wall. Inclinometers as well as settlement and heave markers were installed to monitor the performance of the deep excavation. This project provides an unusual opportunity to study the differential heaves of center columns and diaphragm walls during excavation. Because of the significant stress relief resulting from the 38 m deep excavation, maximum heaves of the center column and diaphragm wall panel were about 30 and 16 mm, respectively. The measured ratio δp/H (heave/final excavation depth) of column is less than 0.1% whereas the observed δp/H of the diaphragm wall panel is about 0.04%. The maximum distortion between the column and the diaphragm wall panel is smaller than 1/500, which is within the limit range proposed by Bjerrum in 1963. Owing to careful construction control, stiff strutting system, and compaction grouting, the measured lateral wall deflections and ground settlements at this site are generally smaller than other shallower excavations in soft clays in Shanghai, Singapore, and Taipei.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".