Evolution of control techniques for industrial drives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The control system of any variable speed electric drive consists mainly of an outer loop for controlling the mechanical output of the drive, (e.g., torque, speed or position) which generates commands to the inner loop, that controls the electromagnetic states of the electric machine (e.g., voltages, currents and magnetic flux) to produce the desired response. The configuration of the inner loop controller depends on the type of the electric motor and the topology of the power converter being used which in turn are dependent on the requirements of the application. DC variable speed drives were the industrial work horses until the 1960s due to the simplicity of their control. Since the late 1960s, advances in semiconductor technology for power as well as control applications, enabled AC variable speed drives to compete with DC drives in various industrial applications. Most present day research and development efforts are aimed at providing higher performance and more reliable AC drives at a lower cost than those of comparable DC drives. This paper provides an overview of the classical and modern control techniques for both DC and AC drives along with their applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".