A Combined Computational/Experimental Study on Tertbutyl- and Methoxy-Substituted Benzene Derivatives as Redox Shuttles for Lithium-Ion Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calculations were performed on a group of 43 -butyl- and methoxy-substituted benzenes to assess their suitability as redox shuttle additives for lithium-ion cells. One molecule of this type has been previously shown to be excellent for overcharge protection of mesocarbon microbead (MCMB)/ and lithium-ion cells. These calculations showed that 2,5-di- -butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene was the best molecule in this group, as far as oxidation potential and stability are concerned. Other molecules that showed promise were 2- -butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene, 4- -butyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene, and 3,5-di- -butyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene. These molecules were synthesized and tested in coin-type cells to confirm the results expected based on the calculations. The results of the calculations show that the substitution pattern on the molecule can be used to predict the most reactive sites on the oxidized molecule. For the dimethoxy-substituted molecules, the calculations predict that the ortho and para substitution pattern results in more stable oxidized molecules than the meta pattern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".