Glancing-angle Raman spectroscopic probe for reaction kinetics at water surfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report glancing-angle Raman spectra acquired at the surface of aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solutions and demonstrate that this technique can be used to measure the surface concentration of solutes. The presence of some solute molecules at the surface suppresses the intensity of the OH-stretching band of water there. We used this phenomenon to study the interfacial reaction of gas-phase ozone with aqueous NaX solutions (X = Br, I) by monitoring the decrease in intensity of the OH-stretching band of water over time. UV-VIS analysis of the product solutions indicates that X(3)(-), formed from X(2) evolved in the ozonation reaction, is the species most likely responsible for the decrease in OH-stretching intensity at the surface. The dependence of the rate of OH-Raman signal loss at the water surface on the bulk halide concentration is well described by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood parameters indicated that iodide has a approximately 50 times greater propensity for the surface compared to bromide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".