Free-ranging eastern chipmunks (<i>Tamias striatus</i>) infected with bot fly (<i>Cuterebra emasculator</i>) larvae have higher resting but lower maximum metabolism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Given the ubiquity and evolutionary importance of parasites, their effect on the energy budget of mammals remains surprisingly unclear. The eastern chipmunk ( Tamias striatus (L., 1758)) is a burrowing rodent that is commonly infected by cuterebrid bot fly ( Cuterebra emasculator Fitch, 1856) larvae. We measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) and cold-induced Vo2-max (under heliox atmosphere) in 20 free-ranging individuals, of which 4 individuals were infected by one or two larva. We found that RMR was significantly higher in chipmunks infected by bot fly larvae (mean ± SE = 0.88 ± 0.05 W) than in uninfected individuals (0.74 ± 0.02 W). In contrast, Vo2-max was significantly lower in chipmunks infected by bot fly larvae (4.96 ± 0.70 W) than in uninfected individuals (6.37 ± 0.16 W). Consequently, the aerobic scope (ratio of Vo2-max to RMR) was negatively correlated with the number of bot fly larvae (infected individuals = 5.74 ± 1.03 W; noninfected individuals = 8.67 ± 0.26 W). Finally, after accounting for the effects of body mass and bot fly parasitism on RMR and Vo2-max, there was no correlation between the two variables among individuals within our population. In addition to providing the first estimate of Vo2-max in T. striatus, these results offer additional evidence that bot fly parasitism has significant impacts on the metabolic ecology of this host species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".