A 40 GHz Quadrature LC VCO and Frequency Divider in 90-nm CMOS Technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a fully integrated wide-band low phase noise quadrature LC-tank VCO and high-speed frequency divider in a standard 90nm CMOS technology. The LC oscillator has a differential core with complementary cross-coupled MOS devices. The oscillation frequency can be tuned from 31GHz-41GHz, with a control voltage between 0 and 1V. The quadrature VCO draws a maximum of 6.5mA current from a 1.2V supply. The divider core is formed with low voltage swing current mode logic (CML) structure, which enables high frequency operation at very low power dissipation. The divider exhibits very wide locking range from 4GHz-41GHz, and it has an input sensitivity of -31dBm at 30GHz. The divider core draws only 750μA from a 1.2V supply. Both circuits occupy a chip area of about 150 × 250μm2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".