DIFFERENTIAL SNAIL PREDATION BY AN EXOTIC CRAB AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF SHELL-CLAW COVARIANCE IN THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here we investigate if predation by the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) differs between two congeneric snails in the northwest Atlantic (Littorina littorea and L. obtusata), and ask if differential predation can help explain the geography of claw and shell forms among geographically separated populations. First, correlations between crusher-claw size and shell mass -- tested across a wide size range of animals -- were highly significant among populations of C. maenas and L. obtusata, whereas only a small number of significant correlations were found between C. maenas and L. littorea, and these were limited to the smaller size classes of snails and crabs. Moreover, among populations, L. obtusata shells were more frequently scarred than those of L. littorea, and L. obtusata were attacked and killed more frequently than L. littorea during field- and laboratory-predation experiments. Combined, results suggest L. obtusata is currently under greater selection by C. maenas than L. littorea for more crab-resistant shell forms. One possible explanation for these patterns is that L. littorea may have interacted with green crabs for centuries (in Europe) prior to their reintroduction to green crabs in America, thus predator-resistance may had already evolved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".