Altered redox homeostasis in human diabetes saliva
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). Levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-epi-prostaglandin-F(2α) (8-epi-PGF2α), and total protein carbonyls were measured to assess whether DM is associated with altered salivary redox homeostasis. METHODS: A total of 215 patients with diabetes and 481 healthy controls were recruited from the Department of Endocrinology at the Jewish General Hospital in Montreal. Levels of oxidative biomarkers were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in whole unstimulated saliva. Associations of the redox data with exposure to insulin, metformin and dietary control were assessed by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: We observed (i) significantly higher mean levels of 8-OHdG and protein carbonyls in whole unstimulated saliva of patients with diabetes compared to controls, (ii) higher mean levels of protein carbonyls in type 1 diabetes as well as higher mean levels of 8-OHdG and protein carbonyls in type 2 diabetes compared to controls, (iii) elevated levels of protein carbonyls in diet-controlled patients and in patients with diabetes on insulin and metformin, (iv) elevated levels of 8-OHdG in patients on metformin, and (v) significant associations between subjects with DM and salivary 8-OHdG and protein carbonyls. CONCLUSION: DM is associated with increased oxidative modification of salivary DNA and proteins. Salivary redox homeostasis is perturbed in DM and may inform on the presence of the disease and efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".