Per Capita Antibiotic Consumption: How Does a North American Jurisdiction Compare with Europe?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antibiotic consumption in populations affects the emergence of resistant organisms. We compared 1996-2000 trends in consumption in British Columbia, Canada, with those in Europe. Prescription data from the British Columbia PharmaNet database were converted into SAS files and classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system, and weights of antibiotics were converted into defined daily doses (DDDs) using the 2001 definitions from the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Drug Statistics Methodology. During 1996-2000, consumption in British Columbia decreased from 19.5 to 17.9 DDDs/1000 inhabitant-days. Although antibiotic consumption in British Columbia was less than the European median in 2000, it exceeded that in northern European countries with established antibiotic surveillance and control programs. The consumption rates for fluoroquinolones, newer macrolides, and cephalosporins in British Columbia exceeded those in Denmark (1.44 vs. 0.15, 1.59 vs. 0.92, and 1.86 vs. 0.02 DDDs/1000 inhabitant-days, respectively). The observed increase in and pattern of consumption associated with newer antimicrobials may increase the risk for emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms in British Columbia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".