In vitro Anthelmintic Efficacy of Medicinal Plants against Heterakis gallinarum in Village Chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p><em>Heterakis gallinarum </em>impedes the productivity of village chickens and hence their socio-economic contribution to rural communties. Smallholder farmers are endowed with vast indigenous knowledge for controlling <em>H. gallinarum </em>and they predominantly use <em>Aloe ferox</em>, <em>Agave sisalan</em>a and <em>Gunnera perpensa</em>. However, their anthelminthic efficacy is unknown. Therefore, our objective was to determine the <em>in vitro</em> anthelmintic efficacy of <em>A. ferox</em>, <em>A. sisalana</em> and <em>G. perpensa</em> against <em>H. gallinarum</em>. <em>Heterakis gallinarum</em> worms were recovered from caeca of 20 village chickens. Ten worms were randomly introduced in each of the 42 petri-dishes. Treatments were positive control (distilled water), negative control (mebendazole) and <em>A. ferox</em>, <em>A. sisalana</em> and <em>G. perpensa</em> aqueous extracts at dosage of 7.25, 14.5, 29 and 58 mg/mL. The procedure was done in triplicate. Worm motility and mortality indices were calculated. Among plant, <em>A. sisalana</em> (14.5 mg/mL) had the greatest (80%) worm motility inhibition at 12-h interval (p &lt; 0.05) and the greatest worm mortality index (80%) showing that the plant has anthelmintic properties. Seventy percent of worms were recovered after 48 h following treatment with <em>A. ferox</em> (58 mg/mL). <em>Agave sisalana</em> (14.5 mg/mL) was the most efficient plant in reducing motility and causing mortality of <em>H. gallinarum</em> <em>in vitro. </em>Findings are useful to resource-constrained farmers who use crude extracts, to select the best plant and to pharmaceutical companies for manufacturing anthelmintic drugs.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".