Removal of Oil from Produced Water by Coalescence/Filtration in a Granular Bed
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oil production generates a significant amount of water byproduct known as produced water. Following primary gravity separation, produced water is normally disposed of by injection into the formation from which it came. However, high amounts of suspended solids or oil in the produced water may cause clogging of the injection formation. This study evaluated the effectiveness of coalescence/filtration in treating two produced water samples obtained from Saskatchewan heavy oil production sites. In the coalescence/filtration experiments, percentage removals of oil and suspended solids were observed to be as high as 97 and 91 percent, respectively. Mechanisms of filtration and coalescence were identified and observed through experimental data and mathematical models. The maximum coalescence efficiency observed was three percent at the lowest flow rate. Coalescence efficiencies decreased with increasing flow rate. Experimental data for single and two-phase flow were shown to fit the Carmen-Kozeny filtration equation. Coalescence/filtration satisfied a first order rate equation using the Crickmore model.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it