Hepatitis B Vaccination and the Risk of Childhood-Onset Multiple Sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether vaccination against hepatitis B (HB) increases the risk of incident multiple sclerosis (MS) in childhood in the short and long terms. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Population-based study conducted in France from January 1, 1994, to December 31, 2003. PARTICIPANTS: The case patients had incident MS with onset before age 16 years. Each case was individually matched for age, sex, and geographic location (current place of residence) to 12 control participants randomly selected from the general population of France. EXPOSURE: Hepatitis B vaccine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The risk of MS associated with HB vaccine exposure. RESULTS: One hundred forty-three case patients with MS were matched to 1122 control participants. The rate of HB vaccination in the 3 years before the index date was approximately 32% for both cases and controls. Vaccination against HB within the 3-year study period was not associated with an increased rate of a first episode of MS (adjusted odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-1.69). The rate was also not increased for HB vaccination within 6 months of the index date or at any time since birth or as a function of the number of injections or the brand of HB vaccine. CONCLUSION: Vaccination against HB does not seem to increase the risk of a first episode of MS in childhood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".