Urban Runoff Quality Characterization and Load Estimation in Saskatoon, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The improvement in the effluent quality of the treated sanitary sewage entering the South Saskatchewan River at Saskatoon, Canada, and the impending change in provincial legislation governing urban runoff, provided the impetus for Saskatchewan Environment to initiate the stormwater runoff quality study reported in this paper. Among others, the study involved a field program for characterizing the urban runoff water quality from four catchments, each representing a different type of land use. Both a site mean concentration approach and a multiple variable regression analysis approach were used to quantify the pollutant load contained within the runoff. Thereafter, using the runoff water quality characterizations developed in the study, rainfall–runoff pollutant loads from the entire city were estimated and compared with two local point sources to the receiving stream. On the basis of this analysis, it was found that urban runoff contributes more total suspended solids and total Kjeldahl nitrogen load, similar chemical oxygen demand load, and slightly less total phosphorus load than the two local point sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".