Effects of Design Mix and Porosity of Waste-Derived Paste as Landfill Daily Covers on Lead Retardation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An innovative waste-derived paste of waste tire chips and paper sludge was proposed for daily cover applications in municipal solid waste landfills. In this study, retardation and transport behaviors of lead (Pb) by the proposed paste were investigated using column tests. Breakthrough curves of 16 specimens at various design mixes and porosities were presented. A one-dimensional equilibrium deterministic transport model was used to fit the transport parameters from the breakthrough curves and to verify the homogeneity of the specimens. Analysis of the effluent concentrations from the column tests displayed a retardation effect for Pb in all cases, with fitted retardation factors ranging from 19.9 to 59.0. Lead retardation by the proposed paste was found to be sensitive to the paste’s porosity and design mix. Early arrivals of solute were observed unexpectedly in columns with high paper sludge content under high packing densities and were attributed to the possible presence of preferential flow paths. The results also suggest that an optimal porosity and design mix for the paste existed with respect to Pb retardation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".