Calcification of the Internal Pudendal Artery and Development of Erectile Dysfunction in Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease: A Sentinel of Systemic Vascular Changes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), erectile dysfunction (ED), and cardiovascular disease share common vascular etiologies and risk factors. AIM: Using a rat model, this is the first study to characterize the consequences of CKD in the onset and development of ED associated with differential regional vascular calcification and circulatory changes. METHODS: Stable CKD was generated at 3 weeks in male Sprague-Dawley rats given dietary adenine and progressed until 7 weeks. Mineral content and morphometry were assessed in the internal pudendal arteries (IPAs), thoracic aorta, and carotid artery. Endothelial function was determined via changes in serum von Willebrand factor (VWF) and endothelium-dependent relaxation of the thoracic aorta. RESULTS: In severe CKD rats, calcium and phosphate content in all arteries increased, and pulse wave velocity was elevated. Distal IPA segments, in particular, were the first to calcify, but penile tissue per se did not. CKD rats had endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by a decrease in acetylcholine-mediated relaxation (∼40%) and an increase in serum VWF (∼40%), as well as increased lumen diameter (20%) of the distal IPA. Erectile function, assessed using a centrally acting dopaminergic agent, was significantly impaired by 7 weeks (∼40%). CONCLUSIONS: In CKD, the distal IPA appears to be more susceptible to vascular dysfunction and calcification. Additionally, the onset of ED may be an important sentinel of impending systemic vascular disease. To confirm this concept, future experimental and clinical studies will need to examine a range of vessel types and the use of supplementary methods to assess erectile function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".