Partial Off-Loading of Longitudinal Tension Induces Arterial Tortuosity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Arterial tortuosity is a frequent manifestation of vascular disease and collateral vessel growth, but its causes are poorly understood. This study was designed to assess the relationship between the development of tortuosity and the mechanical forces that are imposed on arterial tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS: Axial strain in rabbit carotid arteries was reduced from 62+/-2% to 33+/-2% by implanting an interposition graft, prepared from the contralateral carotid, at the downstream end of the artery. Axial strain remained unchanged for 12 weeks; however, all vessels became tortuous because of tissue growth and remodeling. After 7 days, there was a marked elevation in proliferation rates of endothelial and smooth muscle cells; however, increased apoptosis was also detected, and no net accumulation of DNA was observed. Significant accumulations of elastin (24%) and total collagen (26%) occurred by 5 weeks. Gelatin zymography detected upregulation and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and confocal microscopy revealed enlargement of fenestrae in the internal elastic lamina. MMP inhibition by treatment with doxycycline prevented enlargement of fenestrae and development of tortuosity, and it enabled normalization of axial strain by 5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that substantial axial strain is necessary to sustain the morphological stability of arteries, and that a reduction in strain results in arterial tortuosity attributable to aberrant MMP activity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".