25-Hydroxycholesterol exerts both a cox-2-dependent transient proliferative effect and cox-2-independent cytotoxic effect on bovine endothelial cells in a time- and cell-type-dependent manner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) is a product of oxidation of dietary cholesterol present in human plasma. 25-OHC and other oxidized forms of cholesterol are implicated in modulating inflammatory responses involved in development of atherosclerosis and colon carcinogenesis. METHODS: Primary lymphatic, venous and arterial endothelial cells isolated from bovine mesentery (bmLEC, bmVEC, bmAEC) were treated with 25-OHC and tested for several different cellular parameters. RESULTS: We found 25-OHC to be a potent inducer of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2, prostaglandin G-H synthase-2) expression in bovine mesenteric lymphatic, venous, and arterial endothelial cells. The induction of Cox-2 expression in endothelial cells by 25-OHC led to an initial increase in cellular proliferation that was inhibited by the Cox-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex). Prolonged exposure to 25-OHC was cytotoxic. Furthermore, endothelial cells induced to express Cox-2 by 25-OHC were more sensitive to the effects of the Cox-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex). These results suggest that some effects of 25-OHC on cells may be dependent on Cox-2 enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS: Cox-2 dependent elevating effects of 25-OHC on endothelial cell proliferation was transient. Prolonged exposure to 25-OHC caused cell death and enhanced celecoxib-induced cell death in a cell-type dependent manner. The lack of uniform response by the three endothelial cell types examined suggests that our model system of primary cultures of bmLECs, bmVECs, and bmAECs may aid the evaluation of celecoxib in inhibiting proliferation of different types of tumour-associated endothelial cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".