Spread and recoiling of liquid droplets impacting solid surfaces
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impact of water droplets on solid surfaces is studied experimentally and theoretically. Theoretical equations based on energy conservation are developed. In our theoretical study, the droplet is modeled as a ring‐like shape, which matches the dynamic shape of droplets observed from our experimental tests. In the analysis of energy conservation, the nonuniform distribution of pressure inside the deformed droplet is taken into account by introducing a flow potential energy term in the theoretical equations. To derive viscous dissipation for recoiling, a viscous layer coefficient is introduced. Its values for the tests using smooth surfaces are found to be within a small range. Both theoretical predictions and experimental data show significant influence of surface wettability on maximum spread and recoiling process. With the increase of advancing contact angle, surface energy shows a decreasing trend, whereas flow potential energy shows an increasing trend and becomes significant for hydrophobic surfaces. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 60: 2683–2691, 2014
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it