Relaying propensity and characteristics of replacement clutches of Leach’s Storm-Petrels (<i>Oceanodroma</i> <i>leucorhoa</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Animals with low fecundity, such as seabirds, invest heavily into one or a few eggs per breeding attempt. The loss of these eggs can mean that individuals abandon breeding or invest in a replacement clutch. However, the ability of females to replace clutches may be costly and so replacement clutches may be delayed and they may differ in nutrient content. Replacement clutches are rarely documented conclusively in storm-petrels, and most avian replacement clutches are smaller and differ in composition from original eggs. We removed eggs from Leach’s Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818)) nests on Gull Island, Witless Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, and monitored nest sites for replacement clutches. Leach’s Storm-Petrels use locally acquired nutrients to lay a single egg that weighs 20% of a female’s body mass. Nearly 70% of pairs (17/26) produced a replacement egg after 22 days and two pairs produced a third egg after a further 21 days. Replacement eggs were nearly identical to original clutches, except for small decreases in length (2%) and volume (3%). We found that Leach’s Storm-Petrels were able to acquire sufficient nutrients to produce a second (and in two cases, a third) egg, likely from endogenous nutrients, but delays of 3–6 weeks in breeding may have detrimental effects on fledging success and offspring survival.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".