Dependence of Crystal Growth of Gold Nanoparticles on the Capping Behavior of Surfactant at Ambient Conditions
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A seed-mediated approach was applied to synthesize gold (Au) nanoparticles (NP) by using twin tail alkylammonium cationic surfactants such as 12-6-12 and 12-0-12 as capping agents in aqueous phase at ambient conditions. The growth of Au NP was monitored by changing the amount of seed. Spherical NP (10–50nm) and nanorods (aspect ratio = 2–3) were obtained in the presence of 12-6-12 as capping agent; their shape and size systematically deformed because of anisotropic growth with a decrease in the amount of seed. In contrast, when 12-0-12 was used as a capping agent, no anisotropic growth was observed. An effective liquid/solid interfacial adsorption of 12-0-12 prevented anisotropic growth which led to precise morphologies. This was not observed in the case of 12-6-12 because of the presence of a spacer which restricted an effective interfacial adsorption because of the steric factors. XPS and FTIR studies clearly indicated the presence of a surfactant film on the surface of Au NP, while XRD analysis demonstrated a difference in the preferential adsorption of 12-6-12 and 12-0-12 at different crystal planes of fcc geometry which resulted in a difference in their capping behaviors.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it