Hybridization and changes in the distribution of Iceland gulls (<i>Larus glaucoides/kumlieni/thayeri</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Three Iceland gull taxa were defined mainly from adult wingtip melanism. Up until about 1860, nominateglaucoides(no melanism) was known to breed from Greenland to western High Arctic Canada, but by about 1900 it was essentially confined to Greenland. Until 1860,thayeri(most melanism) was known only from western High Arctic Canada, but from 1900 to 1980 it was found throughout High Arctic Canada and in a small part of north‐west Greenland. At high latitudes in Canada it replacedglaucoides, with which it was formerly sympatric in the west and probably interbred. The first knownkumlieni(intermediate, variable melanism) were from west Greenland in the 1840s, and by 1900 the western and northern limits of most of its breeding range in the eastern Canadian Low/High Arctic were known. The range ofkumlienilies between those ofthayeriandglaucoidesand overlaps both;kumlienibred in Greenland by 1964. It freely interbreeds withthayeriand probably withglaucoides. Winter ranges ofglaucoidesandthayerihave changed little since they were first determined forglaucoidesby 1860 and forthayeriby the 1920s. However, winter adultkumlieniwas unknown from Greenland to the British Isles until 1900; there were a few records prior to 1915 and progressively more after 1950. The study adds to the evidence thatkumlienirepresents introgressive hybridization by westernthayeriinto easternglaucoides. D. N. Weir died 15 August 2000.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".