Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impact of immigration on Canadian cities since the Second World War has been profound, especially following the removal of barriers to non‐European immigrants in the 1960s and the significant increase in the number of immigrants admitted since the mid‐1980s. Over two million immigrants entered Canada in the 1990s and the vast majority have settled in just a few metropolitan areas. As a result, the social geography of large Canadian cities has been transformed, an issue that has attracted considerable attention from Canadian geographers. In this paper, research on these changes—published by cultural, social, and urban geographers between 1996 and 1999—is surveyed. This work is exceedingly diverse in emphasis and method, and has contributed a great deal to our understanding of the relationship between immigration and urban change, particularly in the areas of housing, the labour market, and neighbourhood life. In general, geographers are emphasizing the complexity of outcomes, highlighting on the one hand the importance of local contingency, and on the other the growing connections between Canadian cities and global processes. This research challenges traditional theories of immigration and urban structure, and in so doing will redefine the way we conceptualize urban spatial structure and urban social life. L'impact de l'immigration sur les villes canadiennes depuis la seconde guerre mondiale a été profond, particulièrement depuis la suppression des barrières à l'égard des immigrants ne venant pas d'Europe dans les années 1960, et l'augmentation significative du nombre d'immigrants dans les années 1980. Plus de deux millions d'immigrants sont entrés au Canada dans les années 1990, dont la grande majorité s'est installée dans seulement quelques métropoles. Cela a provoqué une transformation de la géographie des grandes villes canadiennes, phénomène qui a attiré une attention considérable de la part des géographes canadiens. Dans cet article, des recherches sur ces changements, publiés par des praticiens des géographies culturelle, sociale et urbaine entre 1996 et 1999, sont passées en revue. Les champs d'investigation et les méthodes de ces travaux sont extrèmement divers. Ces derniers ont grandement contribuéà notre compréhension du rapport entre immigration et changements urbains, particulièrement dans les domaines du logement, du marché du travail, et de la vie de quartier. En général, les géographes mettent l'accent sur la complexité des conséquences, en soulignant d'un côté l'importance de la contingence locale, et de l'autre les relations croissantes entre les villes canadiennes et les processus globaux. Ces recherches remettent en question les théories tradition‐nelles sur l'immigration et la structure urbaine et, chemin faisant, redéfinissent notre façon de conceptualiser la structure spatiale et la vie sociale des villes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".