Effects on productivity and risk factors of Bovine Respiratory Disease in dairy heifers; a review for the Netherlands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a literature review about the impact of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) on the productivity of dairy heifers and about risk factors for the disease, as far as these are relevant to commercial dairy farming in the Netherlands. The review includes peer-reviewed publications over the period January 1980–June 2001 on field studies that quantified the variables of interest. The literature data show that BRD in dairy heifers increases the risk of mortality directly after the disease episode by up to 6 times and reduces growth during the first 6 months of life with up to 10 kg. In addition, the disease can increase mortality in later stages of the rearing period, and age and likelihood of dystocia at first calving. Other diseases in dairy heifers and herd size are clearly associated with the risk of BRD, and season and colostrum feeding management presumably affect this risk. Effects of other potential risk factors are less evident. In conclusion, although several associations were found, the data on the majority of the potential productivity effects and risk factors of BRD are ambiguous or incomplete. However, based on the literature data several recommendations for BRD prevention on Dutch dairy farms were made, which are discussed in this paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".