The presettlement hardwood forests and wildlife of Algonquin Provincial Park: A synthesis of historic evidence and recent research
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hypothetical structure and composition of the presettlement tolerant hardwood forests of Algonquin Provincial Park are contrasted with current conditions, primarily via a review of the literature and recent research in the Park. Change over time of the overstory and gap structure of the forest and also of riparian habitat is examined, and implications made regarding the wildlife community, in particular the wolf-prey system. There has, since the early 1800s, been a loss of conifer, alteration in gap size structure, qualitative change in woody debris, a reduction in basal area and of "supersize" trees, and a reduction in early successional riparian (beaver) habitat. Overall, the presettlement community of terrestrial vertebrates was probably richer, but it is emphasized that these changes are not fundamental; the forest ecosystem is substantively similar to the past. Key words: northern hardwoods, wildlife, tolerant hardwoods, Algonquin Park, moose, beaver, wolves, presettlement
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".