Characterization of Internal Voids and Cracks in Cold Heading of Dual Phase Steel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, the mechanism of void and microcrack formation along the adiabatic shear bands (ASB) was studied for processing dual phase steel by cold heading.Experimental investigation along with finite element simulation has confirmed that this mechanism depends on two types of instabilities, namely geometrical and thermal instabilities.The geometric instability occurs in the presence of second phase particles (inclusions) and in relation to the material flow orientation, whilst the thermal softening arises due to the localized plastic deformation inside the ASB.Progressive deformation was observed to cause the elongation of voids in the direction of shearing that formed microcracks in the ASB of the cold headed specimen.In addition, transformed bands were observed in the highly deformed zones as a result of the temperature in the ASB exceeding the Ac 3 transformation temperature 847°C.The superposition of the location of the ASB region containing the voids and micro-cracks with the phase transformation zone indicates that the development of optimized processing conditions is particularly critical for preventing fracture during cold heading of dual phase steels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".