Determining ice-jam-surge characteristics from measured wave forms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Upon the release of an ice jam, a wave or surge results that generates increased water stages and much higher flow velocities, posing various risks to local river ecology as well as to river structures and riverside communities. The temporal waveform can be easily measured, using water-level sensors, but the hydrodynamic characteristics of the surge, such as celerity, flow velocity, discharge, and shear stress, remain difficult to determine. An analytical method to deduce these parameters is developed herein, based on the equations of motion and plausible approximations for natural stream geometry. Preliminary comparisons with recent field measurements show promising results and demonstrate the degree to which a surge can magnify hydrodynamic forces. The methodology can be used in various applications, such as assessing the severity of a breakup event, estimating flow discharge during the passage of a wave, or evaluating scour potential in ecologically sensitive reaches and at river crossings.Key words: breakup, celerity, equations of motion, ice jam, shear stress, surge, velocity, wave.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".