Exposure to high temperature influences the behaviour, physiology, and survival of sockeye salmon during spawning migration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since 1996, some populations of Fraser River sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) have begun spawning migrations weeks earlier than normal, and most perish en route as a result. We suspect that a high midsummer river temperature is the principal cause of mortality. We intercepted 100 sockeye during normal migration near a spawning stream and measured somatic energy and aspects of plasma biochemistry. Fish were then held at either 10 or 18 °C for 24 days. Before release, fish were biopsied again and implanted with acoustic transmitters. A group of biopsied but untreated control salmon were released at the same time. Sixty-two percent (8 of 13) of control salmon and 68% (21 of 31) of 10 °C salmon reached spawning areas. The 18 °C-treated fish were half as successful (35%; 6 of 17). During the holding period, mortality was 2 times higher and levels of Parvicapsula minibicornis (Kent, Whitaker and Dawe, 1997) infection were higher in the 18 °C-treated group than in the 10 °C-treated group. The only physiological difference between treatments was a change in gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity. This drop correlated negatively with travel times for the 18 °C-treated males. Reproductive-hormone levels and stress measures did not differ between treatments but showed significant correlations with individual travel times.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".