A lifestyle intervention or metformin prevented or delayed the onset of type 2 diabetes in people at risk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med2002 Feb 7; 346 : 393 –403 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: In overweight people with elevated fasting and postload plasma glucose concentrations, does a lifestyle intervention or treatment with metformin prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Randomised (allocation concealed), blinded (clinicians and participants for metformin and placebo), placebo controlled trial with a mean follow up of 2.8 years (range 1.8–4.6 y). 27 centres in the US. 3234 participants ≥25 years of age (mean age 51 y, 68% women) without diabetes who had a body mass index ≥24 kg/m2 (≥22 kg/m2 for Asians), plasma glucose concentration of 5.3–6.9 mmol/l in the fasting state and 7.8–11.0 mmol/l 2 hours after a 75 g oral glucose load. Exclusion criteria included taking medicines known to alter glucose tolerance and illnesses that could seriously reduce life expectancy or ability to participate … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.aulast%253DDiabetes%2BPrevention%2BProgram%2BResearch%2BGroup%26rft.auinit1%253D%2B%26rft.volume%253D346%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D393%26rft.epage%253D403%26rft.atitle%253DReduction%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bincidence%2Bof%2Btype%2B2%2Bdiabetes%2Bwith%2Blifestyle%2Bintervention%2Bor%2Bmetformin.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa012512%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11832527%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa012512&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11832527&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F5%2F4%2F109.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000173686400002&link_type=ISI
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".