Hepatocellular carcinoma: Putative interactive mechanism between aflatoxins and hepatitis viral infections implicating oxidative stress during the onset and progression of cance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The association of hepato- cellular carcinoma (HCC) with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins, has been established. Mycotoxins are com- monly encountered by the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food by African and Asian populations. A number of mechanisms contribute to the high risk of HCC in individuals with both aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 )-DNA adducts and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and a viral- chemical interaction has been confirmed. Among the various suggested mecha- nisms, oxidative stress exacerbates the co-exposure of aflatoxins and chronic hepatitis infections. This increases the rate of DNA unwinding, supercoiling and/ or overstretching. It is hypothesized that these processes are promoted by reac- tive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generated during HBV or HCV infections, which allow aflatoxin metabolites to inter - calate between DNA strands with their hydroxyl radicals. The aflatoxin metab - olites may attack the ribose in the DNA backbone where the bases reside. These complex reactions result in modification of the energetics of DNA transcription and replication as well as a concomitant mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The hypothesis described here may generate novel ideas, which could lead to further hypothesis-driven experiments aimed at improving strategies for the pre- vention and treatment of HCC. BACKGROUND Hepatitis B Virus
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".