Impact of Operating Conditions on Fouling Probability and Cake Height in Ultrafiltration of Latex Solution
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of operating conditions (transmembrane pressure, feed flow rate, and feed concentration) on the fouling attachment probabilities, mass of fouling, and cake height. Polycarbonate flat membrane with a pore size of 0.05 µm was used under a constant feed flow rate and cross-flow mode in ultrafiltration of a latex paint solution. The results obtained indicate that increasing transmembrane pressure from 15 to 45 psi lead to an increase in the particle-to-particle (αpp) and particle-to-membrane (αpm) attachment probabilities from 0.4 to 0.76 and 0.55 to 0.8, respectively. It was observed that both attachment probabilities were significantly decreased when the feed flow rate was increased from 1 to 6 LPM (cross flow velocity from 10.4 to 62.5 cm/s). As a consequence, mass of fouling and cake height were reduced. Increasing the feed concentration from 0.78 to 1.82 kg/m3 resulted in a substantial raise in the cake height from 4.3 to 18.5 µm. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to set up the experimental design. According to regression analysis, two correlation models were obtained in order to predict the fouling attachment probabilities at different operation conditions. Estimated attachment probabilities were used to predict mass of fouling retained by membrane.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it