2009 accumulation area ratios and little ice age equilibrium line altitude depression of Mount Baker glaciers, Washington state, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements made from a 2009 NAIP (National Agriculture Imagery Program) orthoimage covering the Mount Baker area indicate that 2009 was a negative mass balance year: On average, the accumulation areas of the glaciers occupied only 37 percent of total glacier area at the end of August. An accumulation area of at least 62 percent is required for Mount Baker glaciers to be in equilibrium. Through the use of spreadsheet models, the modern and Little Ice Age thicknesses of these glaciers are compared. During the Little Ice Age, glaciers on Mount Baker were, on average, 1.6 times larger and approximately 20 m thicker than present. The equilibrium line altitudes of these glaciers were, on average, 300 m lower at the maximum of the Little Ice Age than today. The average ablation season temperature was about 2.0°C lower at the peak of the Little Ice Age than today, assuming that precipitation was 7% greater at that time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".