Development of residual stresses during electron beam processing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to further advance the state of the art in the electron beam processing of polymers and composites, it is necessary to better understand the development of cure-induced residual stresses. In situ measurement of electron beam cure–induced stress development is challenging due to the bombardment of specimens with intense beams of very high-voltage electrons. In this study, a custom fixture was designed to measure the deformation of an electron beam–cured specimen during processing and thereby to assess specimen stress state during the curing process. The unbalanced composite specimen consisted of two cured unidirectional carbon–epoxy laminates separated by a thin woven fibreglass carrier, which was infused by a layer of electron beam curable epoxy resin systems (Tactix 123 and CAT B). The out-of-plane specimen deformations were monitored during various electron beam irradiation schedules and subsequent thermal post-cure. The preliminary results confirmed that the apparatus was not affected by the irradiation and was capable of accurately measuring the specimen warpage during the cure. It was also shown that the electron beam–cured specimens exhibit a reduced residual stress state compared to equivalent thermally cured specimens. It was observed that the irradiation dose rate applied to a specimen is the main factor in the difference in the way residual stresses develop during electron beam curing. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is a direct relation between the stress-free temperature ( T SF ) and the temperature of the specimen at gelation ( T GEL ).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".