A New CMOS Active Transformer QPSK Modulator With Optimal Bandwidth Control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This brief presents a new quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulator for Bluetooth applications with an optimal transaction bandwidth control. The modulator reduces the bandwidth of the modulated carrier by minimizing their transition sharpness. CMOS active transformers are developed and utilized in quadrature oscillator and multiplexer of the modulator to provide comparable phase noise performance without using spiral inductors and transformers. The performance of the modulator is assessed using a 1.6-GHz QPSK base-band modulator implemented in TSMC 0.18-mum 1.8-V CMOS technology and analyzed using SpectreRF from Cadence Design Systems with BSIM3v3 device models. The total transistor area and power consumption of the modulator are 2840 mum2and 30 mW, respectively. The phase noise of the quadrature oscillator is 110 dBc/Hz at 500-kHz frequency offset.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".