Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of endosulfan, azinphosmethyl, and diazinon on Great Basin spadefoot (<i>Spea intermontana</i>) and Pacific treefrog (<i>Pseudacris regilla</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We conducted dose-response exposures to compare the lethality of endosulfan, diazinon, and azinphosmethyl in the early-life stages of the Great Basin spadefoot (Spea intermontana) and the Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla). Our experiment occurred in two 8-d phases: one, with developing embryos, and two, with Gosner Stage 27 tadpoles. Pesticide concentrations were representative of field-measured concentrations (60 ng/L of endosulfan, 50 ng/L of azinphosmethyl, and 350 ng/L of diazinon), in the same geographic areas where these species occur in British Columbia. Although the concentrations met the requirements for federal water quality guidelines, we observed mortalities, deformities, and other sublethal effects. Phase 1 consisted of exposing Gosner Stage 10 embryos in the pesticide solutions for a total of 8 d. Significant mortality of S. intermontana began posthatch in the highest lethal concentrations of the commercial formulations of endosulfan (Thiodan; LC20(8d)=2,672.7 ng/L) and diazinon (LC20(8d)>175,000 ng/L). Phase 2 compared behavior, morphology, and survival of captive-reared tadpoles exposed to the same 8-d experimental regime as the embryo experiment. Endosulfan induced significant effects on behavior and morphology of P. regilla and significantly reduced survivorship of S. intermontana (LC20(8d)=77.1 ng/L). Abnormal behavior and excitability was observed in both species, with P. regilla tadpoles being more sensitive. At 60,000 ng/L endosulfan, P. regilla also lost pigmentation and exhibited abnormal tail morphology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".